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Jewish Messianism and the Cult of Christ, by William Horbury
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William Horbury demonstrates that there were more messianic beliefs in Judaism at the time of Jesus than is commonly recognised.
- Sales Rank: #2394801 in Books
- Published on: 2012-05-17
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.02" h x .51" w x 5.98" l, .70 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 242 pages
Most helpful customer reviews
11 of 13 people found the following review helpful.
a must read for any scholar of Jewish and/or Christian messianism
By David A. Baer
Four densely argued chapters argue for a coherent and pervasive messianic concept in the Old Testament and subsequent Jewish literature in a way that cuts across recent trends in the field. Horbury's first chapter ("Messianism and the Old Testament") lays out the case for a messianism that grows organically out of the Old Testament materials from earliest times. While not rigid, a coherent messianic myth probably existed from the early monarchy. Far from being an insignificant concept, the 'widespread currency of the unexplained technical term' for 'Messiah' together with fuller designations had spread across several languages by at least the second century BC, coherently referring to a 'rightful ruler of Israel ... the coming Davidic king'. This chapter complements analysis of the textual inventory with attention to 'landmarks in the study of the origins of messianism.' The argument is advanced that the supposed mutual incompatibility between God's unmediated rule and Messiah's rule which has much occupied scholars is a false dichotomy, since the texts show little concern to exclude one while focussing upon the other. The editing of the individual biblical books reflects a messianic preoccupation that encourages finding in the canon a 'coherent series of messianic prophecies'. This circumstance fomented both the reading of still further oracles in this light and greater specificity as the tradition advanced. Such a development of the tradition will have been influenced by forms familiar to Israel's cultural neighbours, as by the presence of 'messianic prototypes' within the Bible itself (Moses, David, et al.).
The second instalment of Horbury's argument ('The Prevalence of Messianism in the Second-Temple Period') maintains the focus on the period during which the biblical materials were edited and collected but allows its attention to move beyond the biblical literature. Horbury contests the view that messianism had all but died out the Roman period in Judea, arguing instead that messianic hope was 'more continuously vigorous and widespread' than the scholarly tradition represented by R.H. Charles and C.H. Dodd would allow. The royalist and Davidic messianism of Chronicles and other late biblical materials is recognised, as is messianic inclination in the Septuagint. Further, the 'relatively non-messianic Apocrypha' are placed alongside 'outspokenly messianic' sections of the LXX and the abundant messianism of Ecclesiasticus, I Maccabees, and others, the silence of the former group being presented as understandable in prose historical narrative, as is true also of the biblical tradition itself. Even when not overtly messianic however, 'hagiographical presentations' in historical narrative 'surround contemporary rulers with a messianic atmosphere', a resource that is then exploited in explicitly messianic manner by prayer and apocalypse. The Qumran materials come into play because messianic expectation appears across the spectrum of that sectarian library. Thus, the literatures of the Second Temple period develop the messianic myth widely and deeply, attesting to the vigorous prevalence of messianism in a period which is often described as silent on the very point.
Even if messianic hope was as widespread as Horbury seeks to demonstrate, it may still have been insufficiently coherent to exert strong influence. The burden of ch. 3 ('The Coherence of Messianism') is to prove that messianic expectation clustered discernibly around the concept of a specifically royal messiah. Indeed, messianism is not so much abstract and notional as it is a reflection upon the real-life kings and rulers whom Jews knew, expectation for a Davidic ruler emerging out of 'the tree-stump of scriptural texts'. Horbury argues for the coherence of messianism from five angles, two of these positive and the rest negative. First, monarchy is central and programmatic, the idea of it being applied to rulers who lived prior to David and to some who were patriarchs, judges, and priests rather than actual kings. Second, the exuberance of non-Jewish ruler-cult was not universally rejected by Jews and, notwithstanding ambiguity as to its appropriateness, may have made its own contribution to Jewish 'praise of their rulers and ... depictions of their messianic king.' Third, the notion of God as sole and exclusive saviour seems not to have been taken by the authors of Second Temple literature as exclusive of human or celestial mediators. Silence as to messianism in 'God alone' passages 'was fully compatible with recognition of the activity of a king or messiah'. Fourth, the literature displays an ability to integrate expressions of angelic and human activity rather than to play the two phenomena off against each other. Biblical literature and its interpreters 'co-ordinate' the two modes of expression in a way which allows for mutual compatibility. Finally, descriptions of angelic figures and their superhuman characteristics occur more frequently in the literature than is often allowed, a phenomenon which depends upon the background of God's lordship over angels and spirits. Indeed, 'the messiah seems often to be envisaged as an embodied spirit'. It is the Jewish idea of a pre-existing messiah which provides the raw material used by Christians in their depiction of the pre-existent Christ, a relationship that renders modern analyses which widely separate the two 'overdrawn'. Horbury's intention is to cite broad swaths of Second Temple literature in order to demonstrate, over against scholarly depictions of a 'chaotically diverse Judaism', that the coherence of the messianic concept was widely held by sects and movements which disagreed on much else.
The book's final chapter ('Messianic Origins of the Cult of Christ') brings the network of previous observations to bear upon the genesis of the Christ cult. A recognisable cult, visible acclamation and hymnody addressed to Christ, goes back to apostolic times. Although the forms of this cult came under non-Jewish influence, it is 'best explained as a development of Jewish messianism'. By relegating Greco-Roman influence to a supportive role, Horbury strongly modifies recent work on messianism by R.E. Brown and E.P. Sanders. At the same time, he is careful to define the generative potency of uniquely Christian experience as secondary to and dependent upon the precedent already established by Jewish messianism. The earliest Jewish Christians were as horrified at idolatry and chary about ruler-cult as their non-Christian compeers, but 'did not regard their Christ-cult as inconsistent with these attitudes.' Praise of Christ and the assignation to him of numerous titles was doubtless shaped and even encouraged by ruler cult and by uniquely Christian experience (such as, acc. to L. Hurtado, visions of the risen Christ); nevertheless this behaviour is best understood as generated in the first instance by the coherent picture of an expected messiah which characterises the biblical literature as well as the belief and practice of Second Temple Judaism.
Horbury's case argues that silences in the literature vis-à-vis messianism are not as loud and less empty than is supposed by the scholarly consensus. This powerful book obliges any student of Jewish and Christian messianism who happens upon such silences to ask whether they veil broad patterns of messianic expectation rather than speak decisively of its absence.
3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
A Fine Complement to Hurtado
By Michael D. Gantt
In Larry Hurtado's How on Earth Did Jesus Become a God?: Historical Questions about Earliest Devotion to Jesus, he takes issue with this book (Jewish Messianism and the Cult of Christ) by William Horbury. Yet, if you want to better understand Christian origins, you really need both books. This is because the authors' findings complement each other in very helpful ways.
Regarding Kipling's six honest-serving men, Hurtado answers when, who, and where while Horbury addresses what, how, and why. Hurtado makes clear (not just in his aforementioned book, but also in Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity and in One God, One Lord: Early Christian Devotion and Ancient Jewish Monotheism) that devotion to Jesus as a godlike figure began in the period 30-50 C.E. with Jews in the Roman province of Judea. Horbury shows that Jesus was so venerated because he was fulfilling Jewish messianic expectation, and that the forms of devotion were those historically associated with that expectation and with the veneration shown royal leaders in the Greco-Roman world. Where Hurtado and Horbury disagree is on the degree of veneration, or worship, offered. While Hurtado takes pains to delineate devotional practices, neither author defines "worship" clearly enough for readers to be able to sort out exact differences between them. This inexactitude on this one aspect, however, is secondary, given the broadly complementary nature of their respective findings.
Horbury first shows how messianism - the belief in a coming Jewish messiah - is found in the Old Testament. He then narrows his focus of time on the Second Temple Period and broadens his focus on literature to include the Apocrypha, Pseudepigrapha, Targums, Qumran texts, rabbinical literature, and more - showing that expectation of this messiah was commonplace throughout the period. He then shows that, while messianism manifested itself in varied forms with expectations that differed and at times seemed to conflict, it was a concept common enough among Jews that if one of them made reference to "the messiah coming" no fellow Jew would ask "What's a messiah? or "What makes you think such a person might be coming?" Lastly, Horbury shows how the matrix of messianic expectation during the Second Temple Period in the Greco-Roman world provided context in which Jesus was understood - and responded to - in the weeks, days, and years after the first Easter by his disciples.
Horbury writes for the scholarly guild so he can be tedious and difficult for a layman to read. Nonetheless, his erudition brings to light for everyone the pulsating expectation for God's messiah in the time leading up to Jesus of Nazareth. Trying to read the New Testament apart from an understanding of that expectation can lead to many false conclusions. Horbury is an excellent resource for achieving that understanding.
Another source for understanding the messianic expectation, and one that is easier to read and understand, is Walter Kaiser - especially his Messiah in the Old Testament, The. Nevertheless, Horbury deserves commendation for his densely-packed contribution to a better understanding of Christian origins. I am very happy that I have read him as well as Kaiser and others. As Jesus Himself said, "Salvation is from the Jews" (John 4:22). No Jew ever spoke more truly than that One.
3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
Jewish Messianism
By David P. Efroymson
Horbury is obviously knowledgeable, both of the ancient materials and of contemporary scholarship. The book is a valuable contribution to the study of the issue. It seemed to me that he sees more nearness and coherence to the material than I do. He purposely opposes the current "standard" position of Neusner and Green's Judaisms and Their Messiahs and Charlesworth and Co.'s The Messiah. While I am not sure Horbury has the better of the argument, I am delighted he has stuck his oar in the water. We'll wait now for Joe Fitzmyer, and see what happens.
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